Primary Source Digital Archives and Collections
From the Chico High School Library

Primary Source 
Digital Archives and Collections
Documents, images, recordings, diaries, letters, drawings, and memoirs, created by those who participated in or witnessed the events of the past, tell us something that even the best-written article or book cannot convey. The effective use of primary sources exposes us to important historical events and concepts, and engages our higher order thought processes of analysis, evaluation, synthesis and problem solving.  (The National Archives). Still wonder "Why Study History Through Primary Sources?" Click here.
Useful Resources Section:
These are here to assist you in using primary sources effectively.

HyperHistory Online:
" 3,000 years of world history with a combination of colorful graphics,          lifelines, timelines, and maps." 

DISCovering U.S. History:
(CHS Only) See the timelines section for a nice overview of key events in U.S. History.

An Outline of American History:
Provided by the U.S. Information Agency. Use this to review important events and people involved in them. See also their outlines of American: 
Economy
Geography
Government
Literature

Media Analysis Tools:
Worksheets and other devices whichguide users into deeper analysis of primary sources.

Document Analysis Worksheets:
A section of the National Archives that helps users analyze eight different types of primary sources.


Useful Resources Section:
These are here to assist you in using primary sources effectively.

HyperHistory Online:
" 3,000 years of world history with a combination of colorful graphics,          lifelines, timelines, and maps." 

DISCovering U.S. History:
(CHS Only) See the timelines section for a nice overview of key events in U.S. History.

An Outline of American History:
Provided by the U.S. Information Agency. Use this to review important events and people involved in them. See also their outlines of American: 
Economy
Geography
Government
Literature

Media Analysis Tools:
Worksheets and other devices whichguide users into deeper analysis of primary sources.

Document Analysis Worksheets:
A section of the National Archives that helps users analyze eight different types of primary sources.


Useful Resources Section:
These are here to assist you in using primary sources effectively.

HyperHistory Online:
" 3,000 years of world history with a combination of colorful graphics,          lifelines, timelines, and maps." 

DISCovering U.S. History:
(CHS Only) See the timelines section for a nice overview of key events in U.S. History.

An Outline of American History:
Provided by the U.S. Information Agency. Use this to review important events and people involved in them. See also their outlines of American: 
Economy
Geography
Government
Literature

Media Analysis Tools:
Worksheets and other devices whichguide users into deeper analysis of primary sources.

Document Analysis Worksheets:
A section of the National Archives that helps users analyze eight different types of primary sources.
 


Useful Resources Section:
These are here to assist you in using primary sources effectively.

HyperHistory Online:
" 3,000 years of world history with a combination of colorful graphics,          lifelines, timelines, and maps." 

DISCovering U.S. History:
(CHS Only) See the timelines section for a nice overview of key events in U.S. History.

An Outline of American History:
Provided by the U.S. Information Agency. Use this to review important events and people involved in them. See also their outlines of American: 
Economy
Geography
Government
Literature

Media Analysis Tools:
Worksheets and other devices whichguide users into deeper analysis of primary sources.

Document Analysis Worksheets:
A section of the National Archives that helps users analyze eight different types of primary sources.
 

Academy of American Poets   
This site provides users the full text of poems, information on current and historic poets, and readings of poems by the poets themselves or by well-known actors or readers. The Literary Links section provides links to poems, criticism, reviews, and other information about poets and poetry.

Ad*Access Database
"a selection of historical advertisements available for study and research... a large collection of magazine and newspaper ads within the Duke library's J. Walter Thompson Company Archives. The project includes over 7,000 ads, mainly from U.S. publications dating between 1911 and 1955, regarding: Beauty and Hygiene, Radio, Television, Transportation, and World War II." 

Agayuliyararput (Our Way of Making Prayer): The Living Tradition of Yup'ik Masks   
This is a virtual tour of a Smithsonian Institution exhibition, Agayuliyararput (Our Way of Making Prayer): The Living Tradition of Yup'ik Masks. It features 166 Yup'ik Eskimo masks, including 23 masks and other objects from NMAI's collection. 

America from the Great Depression to World War II: Photographs from the FSA and OWI, ca. 1935-1945   
The images in the Farm Security Administration-Office of War Information Collection are among the most famous documentary photographs ever produced. Created by a group of U.S. government photographers, the images show Americans in every part of the nation. In the early years, the project emphasized rural life and the negative impact of the Great Depression, farm mechanization, and the Dust Bowl. 

America Singing: Nineteenth-Century Song Sheets   
For most of the nineteenth century Americans learned the latest songs from printed song sheets. Not to be confused with sheet music, song sheets are single printed sheets, usually six by eight inches, with lyrics but no music. 

America's Library at the Library of Congress
The Library of Congress presents "America's Library".... documents, prints, photographs, maps, recordings and other materials from the past. Some of these materials reflect viewpoints or information that may seem insensitive today. Their content is not meant to offend; it does, however reflect history." 

American Indian Observed: Sketches and Documents from the Collections of the Archives of American Art
Found among the Archives' collections are many containing artists' depictions of the American Indian. While the work of artists like George Catlin, W. Langdon Kihn, and Dorothy Newkirk Stewart all look different, they, and the work of other artists represented in this display, are united in one respect: their subject matter came from life.

The American Indian Occupation of Alcatraz Island 1969 - 1971
A photo essay on the occupation of Alcatraz Island of San Francisco Bay, by Professor Troy Johnson, California State University, Long Beach. Includes many B&W photos from the occupation, as well as an introductory essay. Photos are displayed in three pages.

American Memory Collections
This is a set of different digital collections of information based on a wide range of topics and themes in American history. You may search all collections from a single searcher, or you may browse and search the individual collections. Includes a huge number of books, documents, photographs, images, music, sounds, and films. Well worth getting to know, especially the Learning section, which includes exhibitions, curriculum, and learning aids related to primary sources. 

American Posters of World War One
A collection of posters in the United States during and just after the First World War. Approximately 30 are presented here.

Art of the Book   
This is a brief online tour of an exhibition of book publishing art. Its ten plates cover over six hundred years of book publishing history, and are accompanied by helpful explanations of each image. 

Booknotes (Archives)
The main highlight of the site is the archive of transcripts from the C-SPAN Booknotes show, dating back to 1989. Users can browse through full-text transcriptions of interviews with famous authors. With Real Player installed, visitors can also watch the entire program for free on their computer. (Description from Internet Scout Project.) 

California Coastal Records Project
This site is developing an aerial photographic survey of the California Coast. The goal of the project is to create a permanent record of the California coastline as it is today. The site allows users to browse images in sequence, or enter geographic coordinates for a particular coastal location. Images are taken from the vantage point of a helicopter offshore at (approximately) 500 feet. 

California Gold: Northern California Folk Music from the Thirties
The WPA California Folk Music Project includes sound recordings, still photographs, drawings, and written documents from a variety of European ethnic and English- and Spanish-speaking communities in Northern California. The collection comprises 35 hours of folk music recorded in twelve languages and representing numerous ethnic groups and 185 musicians. 
 

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California Heritage Collection
"An online archive of more than 30,000 images illustrating California's history and culture, from the collections of the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley." (Tip: Start by browsing their collection to see what is there.)

California Museum of Photography (UCR)
Comprises numerous collections on various themes, ranging from the work of Ansel Adams to the Missions of California, to various photographic studies of Los Angeles. Images date from the latter 19th Century to current times.  

California Rails  
Several dozen railroad photographs taken by Harry Pidgeon and Will Connell between 1913 and the 1940s, including images of wrecks, locomotives, and lumber camps. 

Caltech Archives PhotoNet
"An online database containing thousands of images from the Archives' collection of visual material... includes a wide selection of images of people, places, and things." The basic focus is on science, especially people and discoveries related to the California Institute of Technology. 

Canada's Digital Collections
Primary sources from the country of Canada. Available in both French and English languages. Explore the rich and varied cultures of Canada. 

Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
"This website is very large and growing (almost 2,000 pages, 22,500 links, and 300 MB) with a terrific on-line library of 19th century pictures (more than 1,500), maps and descriptions of railroad construction and travel...." 

The Church in the Southern Black Community: Collection of Electronic Texts
Get started by clicking on the link: "Collection of Electronic Texts". Includes full text publications grouped around the stated theme. Includes diaries, slave songs, historical sketches and other sources-- all in the words of the people who lived or observed those events and times.

Civil War Women: Primary Sources on the Internet
From the Duke University Library:  "Given the wealth of information about the Civil War already on the Internet, there is a relatively small amount of material that reflects women's lives and experiences during this time period. Below are links to primary sources on the Internet that are directly related to women and the Civil War."  

Closer Look - The Arts of Islam  
This exhibition includes many examples of art from the countries with significant populations that practice the religion of Islam. The three principal vehicles for artistic expression in the Islamic world are architecture, the arts of the book (calligraphy, illustration, illumination, and bookbinding), and the arts of the object (ceramics, metalwork, glass, woodwork, textiles, and ivory). 

Conversations With History
"In these lively and unedited interviews, distinguished men and women from all over the world talk about their lives and their work. They reminisce about their participation in great events, and they share their perspectives on the past and reflect on what the future may hold. Guests include diplomats, statesmen, and soldiers; economists and political analysts; scientists and historians; writers and foreign correspondents; activists and artists."
 
 

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Documenting the American South
A collection of primary sources on Southern history, literature and culture from the colonial period through the first decades of the 20th century. It includes 787 books and manuscripts (as of January 2001). Most are accompanied by a full bibliographic record.

Documents For The Study Of American History
Important documents that affected the U.S. History are organized according to the historical time period.

Dr. Seuss Went to War  
"Over 400 editorial cartoons" created by Theodor Geisel (Dr. Seuss) during 1941-1943 for the New York newspaper PM. Browsable by date and subject (people, countries/regions, war/domestic issues, battles, and battlefields). Includes a set of war bond cartoons by Geisel.

DOUGLASS | Archives of American Public Address
"An electronic archive of American oratory and related documents. It is intended to serve general scholarship and courses in American rhetorical history at Northwestern University." 

The Emergence of Advertising in America: 1850 - 1920
"Presents over 9,000 images, with database information, relating to the early history of advertising in the United States. The materials, drawn from the Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library at Duke University, provide a significant and informative perspective on the early evolution of this most ubiquitous feature of modern American business and culture."

Encyclopedia of Educational Statistics
This is a set of four separate reports which use statistics to describe various matters related to education, mostly in the U.S., including: The Condition of Education: 2000; The Digest of Education Statistics: 1999; Education Indicators: An International Perspective; and Youth Indicators 1996. 

First Person Narratives of the American South
This collection "focuses on the diaries, autobiographies, memoirs, travel accounts, and ex-slave narratives of relatively inaccessible populations: women, African Americans, enlisted men, laborers, and Native Americans." 

Franklin D. Roosevelt Library & Museum
From the 1930's through the 40s, access over 10,000 of the "documents, photographs, sound and video recordings, finding aids, and other primary source materials found at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, New York." Many are public domain, copyright-free.

GPO Access: Official Federal Government Information At Your Fingertips
Here is a place where you can find official government documents from all of the agencies, commissions and official bodies that serve the American people. 

Great American Speeches
"Here you can read the speeches and backgrounds of many of the most influential and poignant speakers of the recorded age.  To help put each speaker in historical context, they have also provided a brief timeline of historical events." Click on "Speech Archive" to see speeches listed according to the 20th Century decade. 

Historic American Sheet Music, 1850-1920   
The collection includes 3,042 pieces of sheet music published in America between 1850 and 1920. It presents a wide variety of types of vocal music: bel canto, minstrel songs, protest songs, sentimental songs, patriotic and political songs, plantation songs, Civil War songs, spirituals, dance music, songs from vaudeville and musicals, etc.   
 

Historical United States Census Data Browser
The data presented here describe the people and the economy of the US for each state and county from 1790 to 1960. An amazing amount of detail is available in the form of charts, graphs and tables.

History of the United Kingdom - Primary Documents
Many of the important documents related to the history of the UK are available here.(Not an official UK government site, but quite comprehensive.)  

Hmong Textiles   
A collection of over twenty images of textiles from the Hmong people of Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand, and from Hmong-Americans. Includes examples of "flower cloth" (paj ntaub) which "is used to decorate traditional Hmong clothing and valued as works of textile art." 

Images from the History of Medicine
"Nearly 60,000 images in the prints and photograph collection of the History of Medicine Division (HMD) of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). The collection includes portraits, pictures of institutions, caricatures, genre scenes, and graphic art in a variety of media, illustrating the social and historical aspects of medicine." 
 

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Images of American Political History
"A collection of over 500 public domain images of American Political History." 

Internet Archive of Texts and Documents
"A creation of faculty and students in the History Department of Hanover College. The principal goal of the Archive is to make primary texts and secondary sources on the internet available to students and faculty for use in history and humanity classes." Focus is prior to the 20th Century. 

Library of Southern Literature
"Documents the riches and diversity of Southern experience as presented in one hundred of its most important literary works." Please also see the accompanying essay, "Introduction to Literature in the American South."  

Lines of Sight: Views of the U.S./Mexican Border   
An exhibit of fourteen "contemporary views of the [U.S./Mexico] border through the eyes of [five] artists based north and south of the border." Includes photographs, paintings, video stills, installation views, and information on the artists represented in the exhibit. Also available in Spanish.

Lost and Found Sound
Audio archives of interesting and wonderful recording discoveries from the history of radio and American culture. Created by National Public Radio, and based on their research and programs in this series.

The Louisiana State Museum Photograph Collection
Accesses a digital collection of 1,500 photographs of Louisiana cities, culture, people, landscape, and waterways. These historical photographs date from mid 1800 to early 1900 and were taken by many of the well known photographers of the day.

Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Moon
The Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Moon by Bowker and Hughes (NASA SP-206) is considered the definitive reference manual to the global photographic coverage of the Moon. The images contained within the atlas are excellent for studying lunar morphology because they were obtained at low to moderate Sun angles. This digital archive consists of the complete set of 675 plates contained in Bowker and Hughes.

A Luta Continua: African Liberation Movement Posters  
During the nineteen fifties and sixties the vast majority of former European colonies in Africa achieved their independence from their erstwhile "mother countries." The nineteen sixties in Southern Africa, therefore, became synonymous with the era of liberation wars or armed struggle. The posters in this collection represent the intensity of the conflicts being waged in those years. This exhibit represents a cross-section of politically engaged poster art from the African Revolution.

Making of America
"A digital library of primary sources in American social history from the pre-Civil War period through the 1920's. The collection is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, and science and technology. The collection currently contains approximately 8,500 books and 50,000 journal articles with 19th century imprints." 

Mathematical Art of M.C. Escher   
M.C. Escher is a widely known and popular artist whose work depicts complex, and often impossible, geometrical patterns. This Web site examines the mathematics behind his drawings. Many examples of Escher's work are provided, illustrating mathematical principles such as the shape and the logic of space. Tessellations and polyhedra are common building blocks of the drawings.

Mathew Brady NY Studio: Portraits of Famous People
The famous Civil War photographer, Mathew Brady, had a studio in New York City. Many of those who were photographed there were quite famous in their day, the mid-late 1900s. Brady's images may be viewed at this site, and include brief descriptions of the persons. 

NASA Image Exchange
Images of all the aspects related to space exploration. Searches numerous collections for topics of your choice. Also offers the ability to browse subjects such as Aeronautics, Space, and Solar System (with many, many sub-categories.)

National Archives and Records Administration (U.S.)
A digital collection of documents and images related to the U.S. government. Many are official documents that are preserved in their original form, and are made available to the public here in digital format. Also includes exhibitions, curriculum, and learning aids related to primary sources. 

Native American Constitution and Law
Tribal constitutions and codes are the heart of self-government for over 500 federally recognized tribes, and are the lifeblood of Indian sovereignty. These tribal documents are either placed online with the permission of the tribes, or they are U.S. Government documents, rightfully in the public domain. 

Nazi and East German Propaganda
"Propaganda was central to Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. The German Propaganda Archive includes both propaganda itself and material produced for the guidance of propagandists. The goal is to help people understand the two great totalitarian systems of the 20th Century by giving them access to the primary material."

New York Public Library Digital Library Collection
A growing collection of interesting and wide ranging subjects relaetd to American life and culture-- not just NY! Has both images and texts.

19th Century California Sheet Music
A virtual library of some 2,000 pieces of sheet music published in California between 1852 and 1900, together with related materials such as a San Francisco publisher's catalog of 1872, programs, songsheets, advertisements, and photographs. Images of every printed page of sheet music from ten locations have been scanned at 400 dpi, in color where indicated.
 

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North American Slave Narratives
Books and interviews with persons who held or were themselves slaves during the period when slavery was legal in the U.S.  You can get some good background by reading the accompanying essay, "An Introduction to the Slave Narrative." 

Online Archive of California 
Provides access to tens of thousands of photographs, paintings, graphical materials and other types of images. The "Browse Images" feature organizes these images by topic, and allows you to browse by a topic of your interest.  

Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection
A large collection of digitized maps from all areas of the world. Please see the section at the bottom: "Electronic Map Collection - Frequently Asked Questions" for tips and information about this collection.

Photo Essays from TIME.com
"TIME.com photo essays cover the world, from the Balkans to the environmental disaster of the Aral Sea, from the tragedies of the Kennedy family to Ricky Martin's vida loca." These well illustrated photo essays tend to cover the popular or well known people and evenets of the world. Fun to browse!  

Photobank   
This primary source includes "a wide range of subjects related to the UNESCO organization's fields of competence: education, science, culture, and communication." It was begin in 1946 when UNESCO was founded and currently contains over 10,000 digitalized images. 

Photographs from the Golden Age of Jazz   
Over sixteen hundred photographs of celebrated jazz artists, documents the jazz scene from 1938 to 1948 in New York City and Washington, D.C. Has portraits of prominent jazz musicians and personalities, including Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Charlie Parker, Billie Holiday, Dizzy Gillespie, Earl Hines, Thelonious Monk, Stan Kenton, Ray McKinley, Coleman Hawkins, Ella Fitzgerald, and Benny Carter. 

Picturing the Century
The National Archives holds millions of documents related to the U.S. History. Many of these are photographs. These outstanding images span the 20th Century, and offer various perspectives on American life. "They depict both the mundane and high political drama, society's failings as well as its triumphs, war's ugliness as well as its bravery. This exhibition is arranged in chronological "galleries" as well as seven "portfolios" of talented photographers well represented in NARA's holdings."  

Posters American Style  
This exhibition brings together some of the great graphic images made in the United States over the past century. It serves as a guide to American poster art as it explores the process of making the messages of commerce, propaganda, and patriotism evident through a visual medium.   

Project Gutenberg Etexts
Complete texts to a huge number of literature, books and other documents that are free of copyright. Organized by author surname. See also: Listing by Title. While this archive is set up for downloading, the texts may be read online. 

Rear View Mirror: Automobile Images and American Identities   
An exhibit of over 20 photographs exploring "the American relationship with the automobile." 

Roadside Peek
Pure Americana built around the U.S. road and car cultures of the mid-late 20th Century. "Takes you on a roadside journey, including stops along the revitalized Route 66.  As you travel, visit old motels, bowling alleys, drive-in theatres, neon signs, petrol pumps, googie sites, tiki villages, and much more.

Siege and Commune of Paris, 1870-1871
"Links to over 1200 digitized photographs and images recorded during the Siege and Commune of Paris (cir. 1871). In addition to the images in this set, the Library's Siege & Commune Collection contains 1500 caricatures, 68 newspapers in hard-copy and film, hundreds of books and pamphlets and about 1000 posters.

Smithsonian American Art Museum Online Exhibitions
"Online versions of a number of past and present museum exhibitions. These online versions, available indefinitely, complement and extend our gallery shows. From the Smithsonian Institution, in our Washington, D.C."

Social Activism Sound Recording Project
The goal of the project is to make accessible via the web a unique library of recordings of significant people and events that shaped the politics and culture of the 1960's. The first phase of this project focuses specifically on social activist movements in Berkeley, California, particularly the Free Speech Movement." Includes Black Panthers and Free Speech Movement sections. 

SpeechBot
This is "a search engine for audio & video content that is hosted and played from other websites. Note: The transcripts of the content are based on speech recognition and are not exact." 

"Suffering Under a Great Injustice": Ansel Adams's Photographs of Japanese-American Internment at Manzanar  
In 1943, Ansel Adams (1902-1984), the photographer, documented the Manzanar War Relocation Center in California and the Japanese- Americans interned there during World War II. The collection presents for the first time side-by-side digital scans of Adams's 242 original negatives and his 209 photographic prints.
 

THOMAS: Legislative Information On the Internet
Access to almost all of the documents, laws, proceedings, speeches, committees, people and related information for The U.S. Congress (Senate and House of Representatives). Includes the Congressional Record.  

Thomas Nast  
Thomas Nast was a celebrity. In 1873, following his successful campaign against New York City’s Tweed Ring, he was billed as “The Prince of Caricaturists” for a lecture tour that lasted seven months. He popularized the elephant to symbolize the Republican Party and the donkey as the symbol for the Democratic Party, and created the "modern" image of Santa Claus. 
 
 
 

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Through Our Parents Eyes: Tucson's Diverse Community
"Shares the history and experiences of Tucsonans (Arizona) from various ethnic backgrounds in a way that acknowledges our multi-cultural heritage. These exhibits are digital histories, combining historical images and text with stories of Tucson told by some of Tucson's founding members.  

Trabajadores Immigrantes/ Immigrant Workers   
An exhibit of over thirty photographs of Latino immigrant workers on strike in the United States, taken by David Bacon. Includes commentary from Bacon, and background information on the photographer. 

UNESCO's PHOTOBANK Collection
Includes "a wide range of subjects related to the Organization's fields of competence: education, science, culture and communication-- was started in 1946 when UNESCO was founded and currently contains over 10,000 digitalized images. More will become available as the rest of the collection is digitalized and further developed so as to ensure a more equitable balance of subjects and countries."

Watergate: Special Report
A Washington Post special report on the 25th anniversary of Watergate, you can refresh your memory with a timeline and take a look at what happened to some of the key players in the case. This June 1997 package commemorated the 25th anniversary of the  Watergate burglary.

Web Gallery of Art   
Contains over 11,000 digital reproductions of European paintings and sculptures created between the years 1150 and 1800. A number of the pictures are accompanied by comments and biographies of significant artists are provided. The special viewer allows you to zoom in on the details of the art works.

Western Folklife Center: Cowboy Poetry  
Since early days of the trail drives after the Civil War, cowboys have been written and spoken about, their images sketched and painted, their trappings braided and sewn. Available on the site is information on Cowboy Poetry History, and audio recordings of The National Cowboy Poetry Gathering, "a jubilee of conversation, singing, dancing, great hats and boots, stories, laughing and crying, big steaks, incessant rhymes, and a galloping cadence that keeps time for a solid week." 

White House Collection of American Crafts  
This exhibition serves as a guide and handbook to American crafts based on the several types of materials used. The materials are: ceramics, fiber, glass, metal, and wood. These are covered in separate sections, that include images (with descriptions) of works by well know craftspeople. Short biographical information is given for each of the person whose work is featured. Includes brief audio and video comments by the curator of the exhibit.
 


Additional Links Related to Primary Source Collections
Exploring Image Collections on the Internet
"An overview of resources for images - from archaeology, architecture and art to urban design. Includes sources within MIT and beyond." Where to look and what to look for when accessing images on the Web.

Primary Sources Research
Answers two important questions: 
   What is a primary source? 
   What are the formats of primary sources?

Repositories of Primary Sources
From the University of Idaho Library: A listing of over 4300 websites describing holdings of manuscripts, archives, rare books, historical photographs, and other primary sources for the research scholar.
 

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Updated by the C.H.S. Library Webster: 3-29-2004.
Many thanks to Jay Boersma for the use of his Webpaper.